Anthony Allen, Leo Buoncristiani, Jack Tarleton, & Rachel Stevens
Grand Rounds
Claim (Diagnosis): Type 1 Diabetes
Evidence (Symptoms, Family History):
Anyone with a parent or sibling with type 1 diabetes has a slightly increased risk of developing the condition. Also, the presence of certain genes indicates an increased risk of developing type 1 diabetes
Claim (Diagnosis): Type 2 Diabetes
Evidence (Symptoms, Family History):
Type 2 diabetes runs in families. In part, this tendency is due to children learning bad habits — eating a poor diet, not exercising — from their parents. But there is also a genetic basis
Claim (Diagnosis): Cushing’s Disease
Evidence (Symptoms, Family History):
Patients with Cushing’s Disease have a tumor growing on their pituitary gland, which causes the gland to produce too much ACTH. ACTH monitors the production and release of cortisol, and in excess can lead to weight gain, tenderness, and weakening of bones and muscles.
Claim (Diagnosis): Grave’s Disease
Evidence (Symptoms, Family History):
Inside the body the thyroid gland releases an excess of the hormone TSHR (Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone Receptor). These are not subject to negative feedback and therefore continues to release TSHR even after thyroid levels are too high.
Claim (Diagnosis):Hypothyroidism:
Evidence (Symptoms, Family History):
The thyroid gland is located in the front lower part of your neck. Hormones released by the gland travel through your bloodstream and affect nearly every part of your body, from your heart and brain, to your muscles and skin. With Hypothyroidism, you produce a lack of thyroid hormone from the thyroid gland.
Claim (Diagnosis): Turners Syndrome
Evidence (Symptoms, Family History):
Turners Syndrome occurs when all or part of one of the X chromosomes is lost before or soon after the time of conception. It is not connected to or passed on from either parent and there is nothing a person can do to increase or decrease the chance of this happening. This causes the symptoms listed above such as a halt in sexual maturing.
Grand Rounds
Claim (Diagnosis): Type 1 Diabetes
Evidence (Symptoms, Family History):
- Affects the way the body processes blood sugar (glucose)
- The body either doesn't produce enough insulin, or it resists insulin
- Some symptoms: Increased thirst, frequent urination, hunger, fatigue, and blurred vision
- In some cases, there may be no symptoms
- Treatments: Diet, exercise, medication, and insulin therapy
Anyone with a parent or sibling with type 1 diabetes has a slightly increased risk of developing the condition. Also, the presence of certain genes indicates an increased risk of developing type 1 diabetes
Claim (Diagnosis): Type 2 Diabetes
Evidence (Symptoms, Family History):
- A chronic condition in which the pancreas produces little or no insulin
- It typically appears in adolescence
- Can't be cured, but treatment may help
- Chronic: can last for years or be lifelong
- Symptoms: Thirst, frequent urination, hunger, fatigue, and blurred vision
Type 2 diabetes runs in families. In part, this tendency is due to children learning bad habits — eating a poor diet, not exercising — from their parents. But there is also a genetic basis
Claim (Diagnosis): Cushing’s Disease
Evidence (Symptoms, Family History):
- Weight gain around the upper body and face
- Acne or skin infections
- Backache or bone tenderness
- Irregular menstrual cycle or decreased libido
- Bruising
- Anxiety, depression or changes in behavior
- Fatigue
- Headaches
- Increased thirst or urination
Patients with Cushing’s Disease have a tumor growing on their pituitary gland, which causes the gland to produce too much ACTH. ACTH monitors the production and release of cortisol, and in excess can lead to weight gain, tenderness, and weakening of bones and muscles.
Claim (Diagnosis): Grave’s Disease
Evidence (Symptoms, Family History):
- Anxiety and irritability
- A fine tremor of your hands or fingers
- Heat sensitivity and an increase in perspiration or warm, moist skin
- Weight loss, despite normal eating habits
- Enlargement of your thyroid gland
- Frequent bowel movements
- Bulging eyes
- Thick, red skin usually on the shins or tops of the feet (Graves' dermopathy)
- Rapid or irregular heartbeat
Inside the body the thyroid gland releases an excess of the hormone TSHR (Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone Receptor). These are not subject to negative feedback and therefore continues to release TSHR even after thyroid levels are too high.
Claim (Diagnosis):Hypothyroidism:
Evidence (Symptoms, Family History):
- Fatigue
- Increased sensitivity to cold
- Constipation
- Dry Skin
- Weight gain
- Puffy face
- Hoarseness
- Muscle weakness
- Elevated blood cholesterol level
- Inflammation of the thyroid gland
- Muscle aches, tenderness, stiffness
- Irregular menstrual periods
- Thinning hair
- Slowed heart rate
- Depression
- Impaired memory
The thyroid gland is located in the front lower part of your neck. Hormones released by the gland travel through your bloodstream and affect nearly every part of your body, from your heart and brain, to your muscles and skin. With Hypothyroidism, you produce a lack of thyroid hormone from the thyroid gland.
Claim (Diagnosis): Turners Syndrome
Evidence (Symptoms, Family History):
- Before Birth
- Large fluid collection on the back of the neck or other abnormal fluid collections
- Heart abnormalities
- Abnormal kidneys
- Older teens/women
- No growth spurts at expected times in childhood
- Short stature, with an adult height of about 8 inches (20 centimeters) less than might be expected for a female member of her family
- Learning disabilities, particularly with learning that involves spatial concepts or math, though intelligence is usually normal
- Difficulty in social situations, such as problems understanding other people's emotions or reactions
- Failure to begin sexual changes expected during puberty — due to ovarian failure that may have occurred by birth or gradually during childhood, adolescence or young adulthood
- Sexual development that "stalls" during teenage years
- Early end to menstrual cycles not due to pregnancy
- For most women with Turner syndrome, inability to conceive a child without fertility treatment
Turners Syndrome occurs when all or part of one of the X chromosomes is lost before or soon after the time of conception. It is not connected to or passed on from either parent and there is nothing a person can do to increase or decrease the chance of this happening. This causes the symptoms listed above such as a halt in sexual maturing.